159 research outputs found

    Trans-dimensional inversion of modal dispersion data on the New England Mud Patch

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    © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bonnel, J., Dosso, S. E., Eleftherakis, D., & Chapman, N. R. Trans-dimensional inversion of modal dispersion data on the New England Mud Patch. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 45(1), (2020): 116-130, doi:10.1109/JOE.2019.2896389.This paper presents single receiver geoacoustic inversion of two independent data sets recorded during the 2017 seabed characterization experiment on the New England Mud Patch. In the experimental area, the water depth is around 70 m, and the seabed is characterized by an upper layer of fine grained sediments with clay (i.e., mud). The first data set considered in this paper is a combustive sound source signal, and the second is a chirp emitted by a J15 source. These two data sets provide differing information on the geoacoustic properties of the seabed, as a result of their differing frequency content, and the dispersion properties of the environment. For both data sets, source/receiver range is about 7 km, and modal time-frequency dispersion curves are estimated using warping. Estimated dispersion curves are then used as input data for a Bayesian trans-dimensional inversion algorithm. Subbottom layering and geoacoustic parameters (sound speed and density) are thus inferred from the data. This paper highlights important properties of the mud, consistent with independent in situ measurements. It also demonstrates how information content differs for two data sets collected on reciprocal tracks, but with different acoustic sources and modal content.10.13039/100000006-Office of Naval Research 10.13039/100007297-Office of Naval Research Globa

    Nonlinear time-warping made simple: a step-by-step tutorial on underwater acoustic modal separation with a single hydrophone

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    © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bonnel, J., Thode, A., Wright, D., & Chapman, R. Nonlinear time-warping made simple: a step-by-step tutorial on underwater acoustic modal separation with a single hydrophone. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 147(3), (2020): 1897, doi:10.1121/10.0000937.Classical ocean acoustic experiments involve the use of synchronized arrays of sensors. However, the need to cover large areas and/or the use of small robotic platforms has evoked interest in single-hydrophone processing methods for localizing a source or characterizing the propagation environment. One such processing method is “warping,” a non-linear, physics-based signal processing tool dedicated to decomposing multipath features of low-frequency transient signals (frequency f  1 km). Since its introduction to the underwater acoustics community in 2010, warping has been adopted in the ocean acoustics literature, mostly as a pre-processing method for single receiver geoacoustic inversion. Warping also has potential applications in other specialties, including bioacoustics; however, the technique can be daunting to many potential users unfamiliar with its intricacies. Consequently, this tutorial article covers basic warping theory, presents simulation examples, and provides practical experimental strategies. Accompanying supplementary material provides matlab code and simulated and experimental datasets for easy implementation of warping on both impulsive and frequency-modulated signals from both biotic and man-made sources. This combined material should provide interested readers with user-friendly resources for implementing warping methods into their own research.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Task Force Ocean, project N00014-19-1-2627) and by the North Pacific Research Board (project 1810). Original warping developments were supported by the French Delegation Generale de l'Armement

    Estimation haute résolution des nombres d'onde dans un guide d'onde océanique dispersif

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    International audienceLa propagation acoustique en petit fond et aux basses frĂ©quences est dĂ©crite par la somme des modes d'un guide d'onde dispersif. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques du milieu (sĂ©diment, hauteur de la colonne d'eau, etc.) peuvent ĂȘtre inversĂ©es Ă  partir des nombres d'onde. Une maniĂšre d'estimer ces nombres d'onde consiste Ă  tracer un diagramme f − k (frĂ©quence-nombre d'onde) : c'est le module des transformĂ©es de Fourier spatiale et temporelle (TF2D) des signaux reçus sur une antenne horizontale. Cette mĂ©thode prĂ©sente plusieurs limitations liĂ©es Ă  l'utilisation de la transformĂ©e de Fourier, en particulier, un nombre important de capteurs est requis pour une rĂ©solution acceptable des nombres d'onde. L'objectif de ce travail est de rĂ©duire le nombre d'hydrophones tout en gardant une bonne sĂ©paration des nombres d'onde. Nous proposons d'utiliser un modĂšle autorĂ©gressif des signaux de l'antenne. Le nombre minimal de capteurs nĂ©cessaires pour garantir une bonne sĂ©paration modale est choisi sur un diagramme de stabilisation. Les diagrammes f −k obtenus par modĂ©lisation autorĂ©gressive sont tracĂ©s pour des donnĂ©es simulĂ©es dans un guide de Pekeris et des mesures en mer du Nord. Les diagrammes f−k obtenus par le modĂšle AR prĂ©sentent des rĂ©solutions modales supĂ©rieures tout en utilisant un nombre moindre de capteurs que ceux obtenus par TF2

    Méthode d'estimation de l'invariant océanique par couple de modes en acoustique sous-marine passive

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    International audienceDans de nombreux guides d'onde océaniques, la propagation acoustique est caractérisée par un scalaire que l'on appelle l'invariant océanique. Cette propriété est utilisée dans un grand nombre d'applications pour lesquelles la connaissance de l'invariant océanique est requise. C'est pourquoi des méthodes d'estimation rapide de l'invariant océanique en contexte opérationnel sont nécessaires. L'invariant océanique est classiquement considéré comme un scalaire mais plusieurs études montrent qu'il est mieux modélisé par une distribution en raison de sa dépendance par rapport à la fréquence et aux couples de modes du guide d'onde océanique. Nous présentons une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de l'invariant océanique en milieu petit fond dans une configuration minimale (contexte passif et monocapteur). La méthode vise à obtenir une estimation de l'invariant océanique pour chaque couple de modes, démarche trÚs peu abordée jusqu'à présent. Les performances de l'estimation sont évaluées sur des données simulées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la méthode permet une estimation précise et robuste au bruit quand le nombre de modes propagatifs n'est pas trop importan

    Bi-class classification of humpback whale sound units against complex background noise with Deep Convolution Neural Network

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    Automatically detecting sound units of humpback whales in complex time-varying background noises is a current challenge for scientists. In this paper, we explore the applicability of Convolution Neural Network (CNN) method for this task. In the evaluation stage, we present 6 bi-class classification experimentations of whale sound detection against different background noise types (e.g., rain, wind). In comparison to classical FFT-based representation like spectrograms, we showed that the use of image-based pretrained CNN features brought higher performance to classify whale sounds and background noise.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1702.02741 by other author

    Geoacoustic inversion in a dispersive waveguide using warping operators

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    Low-frequency ocean ambient noise on the Chukchi Shelf in the changing Arctic

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    © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bonnel, J., Kinda, G. B., & Zitterbart, D. P. Low-frequency ocean ambient noise on the Chukchi Shelf in the changing Arctic. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 149(6), (2021): 4061–4072, https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005135.This article presents the study of a passive acoustic dataset recorded on the Chukchi Shelf from October 2016 to July 2017 during the Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment (CANAPE). The study focuses on the low-frequency (250–350 Hz) ambient noise (after individual transient signals are removed) and its environmental drivers. A specificity of the experimental area is the Beaufort Duct, a persistent warm layer intrusion of variable extent created by climate change, which favors long-range acoustic propagation. The Chukchi Shelf ambient noise shows traditional polar features: it is quieter and wind force influence is reduced when the sea is ice-covered. However, the study reveals two other striking features. First, if the experimental area is covered with ice, the ambient noise drops by up to 10 dB/Hz when the Beaufort Duct disappears. Further, a large part of the noise variability is driven by distant cryogenic events, hundreds of kilometers away from the acoustic receivers. This was quantified using correlations between the CANAPE acoustic data and distant ice-drift magnitude data (National Snow and Ice Data Center).This research was supported by the Independent Research and Development Program at WHOI and by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Grant Nos. N00014-19-1-2627 and N00014-18-1-2811. J.B. warmly acknowledges D. Cazau (ENSTA Bretagne, France) for helpful discussion and code sharing. The acoustic data collection effort was supported by the ONR under Grant No. N00014-15-1-2196 (Principal Investigator: Y.-T. Lin, WHOI). Thanks also go to crew members of the R/V Sikuliaq and USCGC Healy for assisting in mooring operations. The ITP data were collected and made available by WHOI

    TOSSIT: a low-cost, hand deployable, rope-less and acoustically silent mooring for underwater passive acoustic monitoring

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    © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zitterbart, D., Bocconcelli, A., Ochs, M., & Bonnel, J. TOSSIT: a low-cost, hand deployable, rope-less and acoustically silent mooring for underwater passive acoustic monitoring. HardwareX, 11, (2022): e00304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00304.Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) has been used to study the ocean for decades across several fields to answer biological, geological and meteorological questions such as marine mammal presence, measures of anthropogenic noise in the ocean, and monitoring and prediction of underwater earthquakes and tsunamis. While in previous decades the high cost of acoustic instruments limited its use, miniaturization and microprocessor advances dramatically reduced the cost for passive acoustic monitoring instruments making PAM available for a broad scientific community. Such low-cost devices are often deployed by divers or on mooring lines with a surface buoy, which limit their use to diving depth and coastal regions. Here, we present a low-cost, low self-noise and hand-deployable PAM mooring design, called TOSSIT. It can be used in water as deep as 500 m, and can be deployed and recovered by hand by a single operator (more comfortably with two) in a small boat. The TOSSIT modular mooring system consists of a light and strong non-metallic frame that can fit a variety of sensors including PAM instruments, acoustic releases, additional power packages, environmental parameter sensors. The TOSSIT’s design is rope-less, which removes any risk of entanglement and keeps the self-noise very low.The development of the TOSSIT mooring was supported by a Woods Hole Oceanographic institution Innovative Technology Award (Award number 25226). TOSSIT deployment in Argentina was supported by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mary Sears visitor award (Award number 24700) and TOSSIT deployments during SBCEX were funded by the Office of Naval Research Task Force Ocean (ONR TFO, Award number: N000141912627). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

    DĂ©sentrelacement de clics par analyse du rythme

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    National audienceTous les odontocÚtes émettent de courtes impulsions acoustiques (clics) pour satisfaire une activité de localisation, de chasse ou de communication. Ces impulsions sont le plus souvent émises en trains rythmés. Il est trÚs fréquent d'enregistrer simultanément les clics de plusieurs animaux. Cet article présente une méthode permettant de séparer les trains de clics enregistrés sur un unique hydrophone afin de connaßtre le nombre d'animaux ayant émis simultanément. La méthode proposée est testée avec succÚs sur des données simulées et sur des données réelles

    Représentations Temps-Fréquence de la classe de puissance basées sur l'invariant océanique

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    National audienceEn acoustique sous marine Ultra Basse FrĂ©quence (UBF < 200 Hz), un environnement ocĂ©anique petit fond (D < 200 m) se comporte comme un guide d'onde dispersif, dans lequel de nombreuses applications (inversion gĂ©oacoustique, localisation de source) considĂšrent la propagation de sources impulsionnelles (canons Ă  air, explosions, baleines, ...). Comment obtenir une reprĂ©sentation temps-frĂ©quence correcte des signaux correspondants? Ces signaux sont multicomposantes, chaque composante possĂšde un retard de groupe non-linĂ©aire et il n'existe pas de lien direct entre les diffĂ©rentes composantes. Cependant, le retard de groupe de chaque composante peut ĂȘtre approximĂ© par une fonction puissance en f puissance (−1/Beta) , oĂč "Beta"est l'invariant ocĂ©anique (un scalaire qui rĂ©sume la dispersion globale dans le guide d'onde). On peut alors dĂ©finir une Beta-classe de reprĂ©sentations temps-frĂ©quence adaptĂ©es au signal reçu. La mĂ©thode est appliquĂ©e avec succĂšs sur des donnĂ©es rĂ©elles marines et permet une bonne reprĂ©sentation temps-frĂ©quence des signaux considĂ©rĂ©s. Elle est robuste au bruit naturel de l'environnement marin, et Ă  une erreur dans le choix de "Beta
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